Prescription Drugs

Prescription medication, when used by the person it is prescribed for and used as directed, is not considered “misuse.”  When we’re talking about prescription drug misuse by teens, we mean taking medication that was not prescribed for you by a doctor, or using it in a manner that is not what is indicated on the label.  

For example, a teen taking a friend’s ADHD medication to “help him study better” is prescription drug misuse.  A teen taking a double dose of her prescribed opioid pain reliever after getting her wisdom teeth out is also prescription drug misuse.

On its face, it might not seem like a big deal, but when you consider that the first teen in this example is misusing a powerful amphetamine, and the second teen is misusing highly-addictive opioids, you’ll see there is cause for alarm.  Most adolescents' brains are not fully developed until their mid-20s, leaving them more vulnerable to addiction than adults.  

Two-thirds of teens and young adults who report misuse of prescription medicine are buying or given it from friends, family, and acquaintances.  The most commonly misused prescription drugs by teens are opioids, stimulants, and central nervous system (CNS) depressants.

Opioids:  Used to relieve pain, such as Vicodin, OxyContin, or codeine.

Stimulants:  Used for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as Adderall, Vyvanse, and Ritalin.

CNS Depressants:  Used to relieve anxiety or help a person sleep, such as Valium or Xanax.

What are the Risks to Youth?
If teens take prescription medication not prescribed to them, or take prescribed medication in a way other than directed, this is illegal and dangerous. Prescription drug misuse could cause addiction and life-threatening consequences.  When writing a prescription, doctors carefully consider factors such as a patient’s age, weight, past medical history, and other prescribed medications that could interact. Prescription drug misuse can have various effects on the body including the following:

Opioids:  Prescription opioids are strong drugs with a high risk for addiction. Taking them in high doses, and/or in combination with other substances like alcohol, can result in life-threatening slowed breathing, overdose, and death.

Stimulants:  Stimulants are known to be used by youth as a “study drug,” and can be addictive when people start to use them compulsively. Stimulants cause increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.  This can cause rapid or irregular heartbeat, delirium, panic, psychosis, paranoia, heart failure, or even fatal seizures. There is also the potential for cardiovascular failure (heart attack) or deadly seizures.

CNS Depressants:  Like opioids and stimulants, CNS depressants can be addictive. Taking higher doses of a depressant can cause impaired memory, judgment and coordination.  It can also have side effects like paranoia and thoughts of suicide. Using prescription depressants (sedatives and tranquilizers)  in high amounts or with other substances like alcohol can lead to overdose and death.

What Can Parents Do?
In order to protect your child from prescription drug misuse, we encourage parents to CARE, CONNECT, COMMUNICATE and pay CAREFUL ATTENTION.  While this strategy is no guarantee, if implemented consistently and with intention, the likelihood of your child engaging in any substance use is much lower. 

Care
Educate yourself and others about the harmful effects of misusing prescription medicine and make it a priority to protect your child from engaging in any substance use.  Start early and let your child know you care about their health and safety. These can be tricky conversations and difficult situations to navigate with your kids, but a little work on the front end can protect your child’s health and safety for years to come.


Care Action Steps: 

• Learn more about how substance use, including prescription drug misuse, impacts the vulnerable adolescent brain.   

• Review the risk factors that increase the risk of addiction and use this information to inform how you protect your child.  Build protective factors where you can.

Connect
Connection is key to prevention.  Kids that have stable, consistent, and healthy relationships with adults are more likely to make safer decisions and live healthier lives.  It’s important that parents, and other caring adults, take time to listen, pay attention, spend time, and follow up with the kids in their lives. When kids feel valued, they better understand their feelings and are more willing to listen to you.

Connect Action Steps:

• This TED Talk explores practical ideas for anyone who wants to create connections with kids.

• Eat Meals Together:  Kids who have dinner with their family on a regular basis are less likely to engage in risky behaviors.  

• Set aside regular one-on-one time with your child to bond and have fun together.

• Brainstorm healthy ways to manage the stress in their life with your child (like getting more sleep, going outdoors, having “unplugged” time from the internet, etc.). Be open to your child’s suggestions and help them think through some ideas.

Communicate
Consistent and clear communication with your child is important.  While your child might reasonably know that alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine are a no-go with you, prescription medication isn’t always so clear.  Many youth believe that manufactured medicine prescribed by doctors couldn’t be dangerous or harmful.  As a parent, make prescription drug misuse part of the “no drugs or alcohol” talks you have with your child throughout their life.  Parents do make a difference: Youth who continue to learn about the risks of drugs at home are up to 50% less likely to use drugs than those who are not taught about the dangers. 

Make it clear to your child that you don’t approve of them misusing prescription drugs, but be curious and open-minded about their experiences.  It’s easier to start a conversation by asking what they think about it or if they’ve seen other kids doing it than to immediately interrogate them about if they’ve ever misused a prescription. It’s more important – and effective– to listen and discuss rather than to lecture.

Communicate Action Steps:

• Take a stand and let your child know you disapprove of any drug or alcohol use, no exceptions.  Explain to them that misusing prescription drugs is harmful to their developing brains, can lead to lifelong addiction, and can lead to dangerous health consequences.

• Talk to your child early and often about medication safety.  Tell them that they should never use another person’s prescription and never give their prescription medications to others.

• Ask them if they’ve ever seen prescription drugs in a movie or tv show, and what they thought about it.  Their answer may surprise you (in a good way). Talk about “use” versus “misuse.”

• Frequently talk, and listen, to your child about how things are going in their life.  Try to find time to talk and really connect with your child every day.

• Try these talking tips specifically for preventing prescription drug misuse.

Careful Attention
As a general rule, know where your kids are at, who they are with, and be sure to check in when they get home.  Be on alert for changes in behaviors, friend groups, or attitudes.

Careful Attention Action Steps:

• Take steps to limit access to prescription drugs in your home.  Monitor the prescription drugs you have in your home, and keep track of how many you have, in case some go missing.  Keeping track of medications is key to preventing access to these drugs.

• Secure the prescriptions in your home.  Instead of having them easily accessible in a medicine cabinet, put them some place only you know about, or put them in a locked cabinet or safe to assure they are out of reach of teens and children.  This will help prevent misuse and accidental poisonings. 

• Safely dispose of unwanted, unused, or expired medication in your trash at home.  You can safely dispose of them in your own home, participate in a DEA Drug Take Back Day, or find a permanent drug drop box near you (in the Kansas City Northland).

• Talk to family and other parents about monitoring, securing, and disposing of medications as well.  

• Be on the look out for warning signs that your child might be misusing prescription drugs:
  
  

  • General Warning Signs:

    • Stealing or selling prescriptions

    • Taking higher doses than prescribed

    • Excessive mood swings or hostility

    • Increase or decrease in sleep

    • Poor decision-making

    • Appearing to be high, unusually energetic or sedated

    • Requesting early refills or continually "losing" prescriptions
      
      

  • Opioid Warning Signs:  

    • Constipation

    • Nausea

    • Slowed breathing rate

    • Drowsiness

    • Confusion

    • Poor coordination
      
      

  • Stimulant Warning Signs:  

    • Drowsiness

    • Confusion

    • Unsteady walking

    • Slurred speech

    • Poor concentration

    • Dizziness

    • Problems with memory

    • Slowed breathing
      
      

  • CNS Depressant Warning Signs:  

    • Increased alertness

    • Reduced appetite

    • Insomnia

    • Agitation

    • Anxiety

    • Paranoia

Worried your child may be misusing prescription drugs? The Partnership to End Addiction can help. 

Helpful Resources

• Find the Closest Permanent Prescription Drug Drop Box Near You in the Kansas City, Missouri Northland

• Talking to Your Kids About Prescription Drug Abuse: Not Worth the Risk (for Parents) free PDF download from SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

• Stress and Drug Use:  What Every Parent Should Know from the Partnership to End Addiction

• Should Your Teen Take that Opioid Prescription?  from the DEA’s Get Smart About Drugs website for parents

• How to Dispose of Your Unused Medicine from the DEA

• What You Should Know When Opioids are Prescribed to Your Child from the Partnership to End Addiction

• Growing Up Drug-Free:  A Parent’s Guide to Prevention from the DEA

• How to Talk to Your Teen about Substance Use from the Child Mind Institute

• Growing Up Resilient:  Ways to Build Resilience in Children and Youth from the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health

• School Stress:  Health Stress vs. "Red Flag" Stress from the Partnership to End Addiction

Videos

Teen Health: Substance Use and Abuse (3 minutes)
A great “101” video about teens, their brains, and how drugs affect their natural reward system.

Opioid and Prescription Medication Safety (3 minutes)
Learn the do’s and don'ts of opioid and prescription medications from experts at Children's Mercy Kansas City.

Addiction & the Brain (4 minutes)
This easy-to-follow video explains how repeated substance use can hijack brain function, and the importance of delaying use until the brain has fully developed.